Pixel Neighborhood

Updated 24 Sep 2026

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What it is
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  a specified set of pixels considered spatially adjacent to a pixel
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Four-neighborhood
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  for $(x,y)$ : $(x-1,y)$ , $(x+1,y)$ , $(x,y-1)$ , $(x,y+1)$
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eight-neighborhood
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  the four-neighborhood plus the four diagonal positions
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Applications
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  local filtering, connected-region analysis, and edge processing
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Caution
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  state the connectivity convention; diagonal contact connects pixels under 8-connectivity but not 4-connectivity
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  image borders require an explicit handling rule
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Related

Linked references 4