Information systems, decisions, and requirements

Updated 11 Oct 2026

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Information systems
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  System components -> people, processes, data, technology.
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  System purpose -> support operations and decisions.
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  IPOS -> input -> processing -> output -> storage or feedback.
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  TPS -> handles transactions.
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  MIS -> provides recurring management summaries.
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  DSS -> supports analysis and decisions.
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  EIS -> supports high-level monitoring.
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    categories can overlap; classify by the work supported.
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Data and decision support
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  DIKW model -> teaching model, not a universal pipeline.
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    Data -> recorded values.
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    Information -> data organized for a purpose.
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    Knowledge -> interpreted information.
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    Wisdom -> judgment applied to knowledge.
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  Literacy
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    Information literacy -> finding and evaluating information.
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    Computer literacy -> using computing tools.
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  Database -> stores and retrieves structured data.
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  Decision-ready information -> needs clear definitions, quality, ownership, and context.
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  Combining sources -> check units, periods, coverage, licensing, and provenance.
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Stakeholders and requirements
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  Stakeholders -> people or groups who affect or are affected by a system.
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    examples: users, funders, operators, maintainers, suppliers, regulators, communities.
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    assess goals, influence, impact, and conflicting expectations.
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    a power-interest grid is an aid; it is not a reason to ignore low-power groups.
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  Requirements -> verifiable system behavior, quality attributes, or constraints based on stakeholder needs.
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  Elicitation methods
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    interviews and document analysis.
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    process and organizational models.
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    brainstorming and mind maps.
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    lessons learned and risk analysis.
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  Business rules -> policies the system should enforce.
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Design and tools
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  Design thinking -> frame work around user needs, possible solutions, and testing.
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  Framework -> structures an application and calls developer code.
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  Library -> provides functions that an application calls.
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  Development environment -> includes programming languages, libraries, frameworks, and IDEs.

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Information systems, decisions, and requirements

Information systems

Data and decision support

Stakeholders and requirements

Design and tools

Linked references 1