ASCII
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What it is
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A 7-bit character encoding mapping the integers 0–127 to letters, digits, punctuation, and control characters. It's the baseline text representation almost every other encoding in cryptography (hex, Base64, big integers) is ultimately built on top of.
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When to apply
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You're given a list of small integers (roughly 32–126) and asked to recover text — that range is the printable ASCII band.
chr()/ord()convert between the character and its code point.
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Worked example
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[99, 114, 121, 112, 116, 111]→chr(99)+chr(114)+...→"crypto".
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Python
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text = "".join(chr(c) for c in [99, 114, 121, 112, 116, 111])
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